Tecnología para Telescopios

Desde su invención hace más de 400 años, el telescopio astronómico ha evolucionado desde un pequeño dispositivo manual para observaciones visuales hasta convertirse en un instrumento grande y sofisticado, que se controla computacionalmente y cuya producción es completamente digital. A través de este desarrollo han sido especialmente importantes dos parámetros: el poder colector de luz -o el diámetro del espejo del telescopio que permite la detección de objetos más débiles y distantes- y la agudeza de la imagen -o resolución angular que permite ver objetos más pequeños y apenas perceptibles.

El Observatorio Europeo Austral (ESO), como líder mundial en astronomía, ha desarrollado varias tecnologías avanzadas que permitieron que los espejos de los telescopios crezcan cada vez más sin dejar de mantener la precisión óptica.

ESO ha desarrollado la técnica de la óptica activa, que ahora utiliza la mayor parte de los telescopios modernos medianos y grandes. Ésta mantiene óptima la calidad de imagen utilizando un tipo de pistones llamados “actuadores” que ajustan activamente la forma del espejo durante las observaciones.

Cuanto más grande es un espejo, mayor es la resolución potencial que puede alcanzar. Sin embargo, aún en los mejores emplazamientos para la astronomía, los telescopios basados en Tierra que observan a longitudes de onda visibles no pueden lograr mayor nitidez de imagen que los telescopios de un diámetro de 20 a 40 cm debido a la turbulencia atmosférica. Para un telescopio de 4 metros, la distorsión atmosférica degrada la resolución por más de un orden de magnitud comparado con lo teóricamente posible para un telescopio de ese diámetro, y la intensidad de la luz en el centro de la imagen de la estrella se reduce por un factor de 100 o más. Una de las principales razones para lanzar el Telescopio Espacial Hubble de NASA/ESA fue evitar la degradación de la imagen. Sin embargo, los efectos de la atmósfera pueden compensarse en algunos telescopios modernos con la técnica de la óptica adaptativa. El VLT de ESO también ha liderado el camino en óptica adaptativa, la que ha revolucionado a la astronomía desde la Tierra.

Al combinar la luz capturada por dos o más telescopios, en una técnica conocida como interferometría, se puede aumentar la resolución espacial más allá de lo que puede lograr un solo telescopio. ESO ha sido un pionero en este campo con el Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) en Paranal.

Además de la turbulencia atmosférica, los mismos telescopios pueden introducir errores en las observaciones astronómicas. Defectos de fábrica e irregularidades en el equipo, que van desde los espejos hasta componentes estructurales, pueden afectar las observaciones del cosmos. A través de los años los ingenieros han hecho una serie de mejoras para minimizar el desgaste causado por el movimiento mecánico del telescopio y por el daño generado por el calor. Ha mejorado el cálculo y pulido de los espejos, así como su diseño y el de estructuras de soporte más rígidas para reducir deformaciones. Los vidrios de baja expansión también han disminuido las distorsiones del espejo cuando varían las temperaturas. Para reducir la pequeña pero notoria turbulencia dentro del domo del telescopio se ha restringido la pérdida de calor de los motores y del equipo electrónico durante la noche, y el domo que protege al telescopio del viento es enfriado durante el día.

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