Óptica Adaptativa

Mientras la óptica activa asegura que el espejo principal del telescopio mantenga siempre una forma perfecta, la atmósfera de la Tierra es turbulenta aún en las mejores locaciones del mundo para astronomía, incluido Paranal, en Chile, donde está ubicado el Very Large Telescope (VLT) de ESO. Esta turbulencia causa el titilar de las estrellas de una forma que deleita a los poetas pero frustra a los astrónomos, puesto que distorsiona los más finos detalles del cosmos. Observar directamente desde el espacio puede evitar el efecto distorsionador de la atmósfera, pero los altos costos de operar telescopios espaciales comparados a usar instalaciones terrestres limitan el tamaño y alcance de los telescopios que podemos ubicar fuera de la Tierra.

Por lo tanto, los astrónomos se han volcado a un método llamado óptica adaptativa. Sofisticados espejos deformables, controlados computacionalmente, pueden corregir en tiempo real las distorsiones causadas por la turbulencia de la atmósfera terrestre, logrando que las imágenes obtenidas sean casi tan nítidas como las tomadas en el espacio. La óptica adaptativa permite que el sistema óptico sea corregido posibilitando observar detalles mucho más finos en objetos astronómicos débiles que de otra forma serían invisibles desde la Tierra.

La óptica adaptativa requiere una estrella de referencia medianamente brillante que esté muy cerca del objeto en estudio. Esta estrella de referencia es usada para medir el efecto distorsionador causado por la atmósfera local de modo que el espejo deformable pueda corregirlo. Puesto que estas estrellas no están disponibles en todas partes del cielo nocturno, los astrónomos pueden, en cambio, crear estrellas artificiales al iluminar con un poderoso rayo láser hacia la atmósfera superior de la Tierra. Gracias a las estrellas guías láser casi todo el cielo puede ahora ser observado con óptica adaptativa.

Desde 1989, el Observatorio Europeo Austral (ESO) ha liderado el camino en el desarrollo de la óptica adaptativa y tecnologías de estrellas guías láser. El Laser Guide Star Facility en el VLT fue el primero de su tipo en el hemisferio sur. A medida que han pasado los años, ESO ha colaborado con varios institutos e industrias europeos, manteniéndose como líder mundial en este campo. Por consiguiente, el Observatorio Paranal posee en operación hoy en día la mayor cantidad y más avanzados sistemas de óptica adaptativa.

Las instalaciones de óptica adaptativa de ESO han obtenido resultados científicos sobresalientes. Éstos incluyen las primeras observaciones directas de un planeta extrasolar cerca de una estrella brillante, así como también caracterizaciones claves del agujero negro ubicado en el centro de la Vía Láctea.

La próxima generación de óptica adaptativa está en camino tanto para el VLT como para el Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), gracias al apoyo de los contratos de financiamiento para investigación de la Comisión Europea. Los proyectos previstos para el VLT incluyen el uso de varias estrellas guías láser al mismo tiempo, así como instrumentos de óptica adaptativa avanzada como el buscador de planetas SPHERE. También están en desarrollo sistemas avanzados hechos a la medida para enfrentar el desafío del ELT, que tendrá un revolucionario espejo principal de 42 metros de diámetro. El reciente y significativo progreso también ha pavimentado el camino para lograr un campo de visión corregido más amplio, un resultado que tendrá un impacto en el diseño de futuros sistemas de óptica adaptativa para el VLT y ELT.

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