Exoplaneter

Att söka efter planeter utanför vårt solsystem

Sökandet efter planeter utanför vårt solsystem är en grundsten till den kanske djupaste fråga mänskligheten ställer sig: Finns det liv någon annanstans i universum? ESO:s observatorier är utrustade med en unik uppsättning instrument för att hitta, undersöka och övervaka dessa så kallade ”exoplaneter”.

Med hjälp av Very Large Telescope kunde astronomer för första gången se det svaga ljuset från en planet utanför solsystemet och på detta vis ta den första bilden någonsin av en exoplanet (se även ESO:s pressmeddelanden eso0428 och eso0515). Denna nya värld är jättelik, ungefär fem gånger tyngre än Jupiter. Denna observation var ett första stort steg mot ett av den moderna astrofysikens viktigaste mål, nämligen att fastställa den fysikaliska strukturen och den kemiska sammansättningen hos jätteplaneter, och senare även jordliknande planeter. Se ESO:s pressmeddelande eso0507.

VLT har även spelat en nyckelroll i upptäckten av sju jordstora planeter som kretsar kring en stjärna som ligger bara 40 ljusår bort, TRAPPIST-1. Tre av planeterna ligger i den beboeliga zonen. Deras ytor skulle kunna härbärgera oceaner av vatten, något som skulle öka chanserna att liv kan finnas i stjärnsystemet. Inget annat känt planetsystem har så många planeter i jordens storlek, eller så många världar där flytande vatten skulle kunna finnas på ytan. Se ESO:s pressmeddelande eso1706.

Med HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, ”mycket noggrann radialhastighetsplanetsökare”) har astronomer upptäckt inte mindre än fyra planeter av ungefär Neptunus massa i banor runt en närbelägen stjärna, däribland en planet som väger bara två gånger så mycket som jorden, då en rekordliten planet, och en annan på sju gånger jordens massa ligger i stjärnans beboeliga zon. För denna planet tar ett varv runt sin stjärna 66 dagar. Astronomer tror att den kan vara täckt av oceaner – en vattenvärld. Upptäckten bryter ny mark i vårt sökande efter planeter som skulle kunna hysa liv. Se ESO:s pressmeddelande eso0915.

Också med hjälp av HARPS har astronomer hittat tydliga bevis på en planet som kretsar kring Proxima Centauri, den stjärnan förutom solen som ligger närmast jorden. Denna steniga värld, vars massa är knappt större än jordens, har en temperatur som skulle göra det möjligt för flytande vatten att finnas på dess yta. Se ESO:s pressmeddelande eso1629.

Ett annat av teleskopen på La Silla var en del i ett nätverk av teleskop utspridda över jorden som använde sig av en snillrik metod som kallas mikrolinsning. Detta samarbete ledde till upptäckten av en ny exoplanet som är mer jordlik än någon tidigare upptäckt exoplanet. Planeten, som bara är omkring fem gånger tyngre än jorden, gör ett varv runt sin moderstjärna på ungefär tio år, och har högst sannolikt en stenig eller isig yta. Se ESO:s science release eso0603.

En särskild broschyr om exoplaneter finns tillgänglig (på engelska).

– De svaga signaler som HARPS fångade upp skulle inte ha kunnat skiljas från ”vanligt brus” i de flesta av de spektrografer som finns i dag.

Michel Mayor, Genèveobservatoriet, en av upptäckarna av den första exoplaneten kring en stjärna i huvudserien.
...

Icy Exoplanet (artist's impression)

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