European
Southern
Observatory
Espejos y diseño óptico
European
Southern
Observatory
El ELT tendrá un diseño óptico pionero de cinco espejos que permitirá observar el Universo con un nivel de detalle sin precedentes. Los espejos tendrán distintas formas, tamaños y funciones, pero se integrarán a la perfección para trabajar en conjunto. El espejo primario, llamado M1, es el más espectacular de todos: se trata de un espejo cóncavo de 39 metros que captará la luz del cielo nocturno para luego reflejarla al espejo secundario. Este último es el espejo convexo M2, el espejo secundario más grande jamás utilizado en un telescopio, que cuelga sobre el M1 para reflejar la luz hacia el espejo M3 ubicado abajo que, a su vez, la transmite al espejo adaptativo plano (M4) sobre él. Este cuarto espejo tendrá la capacidad de ajustar su forma mil veces por segundo para corregir las distorsiones causadas por la turbulencia atmosférica y luego enviar la luz al espejo M5, un espejo plano inclinable que estabilizará la imagen y la enviará a los instrumentos del ELT.
La solución óptica del ELT de ESO es una apertura de 39 metros plegada con tres espejos anastigmatizado (M1, M2, M3). El plegado es proporcionado por dos espejos planos (M4, M5) que envían los haces a cualquiera de los focos de Nasmyth (estaciones prefocales) a través del eje de elevación del telescopio.
La relación focal del espejo primario (M1) es de f/0.87. El campo de visión Nasmyth total es de 10 minutos de arco y se ve limitado por las dimensiones del orificio en uno de los espejos planos plegables (M4). Por diseño, la calidad óptica tiene un límite de difracción hasta el borde del campo curvo en todas las longitudes de onda. La curvatura de campo es de 9 88 m y el centro de la curvatura de campo se encuentra antes del foco. La relación focal Nasmyth es más bien amplia (f/17.75, distancia focal 684022 mm). La capacidad de plegado (espejos planos M4 y M5) está pensada para proporcionar superficies planas en ubicaciones convenientes para un espejo adaptativo (M4, conjugado 621 m delante del telescopio, desde el M1) y estabilización de campo (M5, con un leve desenfoque). El espejo M4 tiene una inclinación de 7,75°.
El telescopio depende en gran medida del control de frente de onda integrado, cuyo propósito es mantener el frente de onda y el seguimiento dentro de los niveles de tolerancia. Esto permite limitar las desviaciones en el estado y la alineación de las superficies ópticas, siempre que las compensaciones mutuas mantengan el telescopio dentro de los niveles tolerados.
Salvo el M5, todos los espejos cuentan con la posibilidad de ajustar su forma hasta cierto punto. Los espejos M2 y M3 pueden volver a centrarse, y los espejos M4 y M5 pueden direccionar los haces de luz para ajustar de forma dinámica la línea de mira en función de los errores de alineación de la superficie, movimientos bruscos o residuos producidos por los sistemas motrices del telescopio.
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The European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) is the pre-eminent intergovernmental science and technology organisation in astronomy. It carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities for astronomy.
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